Session: Nation, state and identity in the 21st century

Presenter: Dr. Gloria Totoricagüena Director,
Center for Basque Studies
University of Nevada, Reno USA

Title: Political Opportunities for Diasporas as Non-State Actors in Foreign Policy

Abstract:
The perseverance of non-state actors in foreign policy is not a new phenomenon; however, their pursuits are now greatly facilitated by transformations in the power of the state, telecommunications, the global economy, and the emergence of global culture. In contemporary world affairs, diplomacy is unambiguously multi-layered, and paradiplomacy -as a postmodern deconstruction of state diplomacy- has increased influence in international relations.  Culture and identity politics are no longer singularly dominated by state-centric networks and are moving into the realm of interest and ethnic alliances such as with homeland-diaspora transnational relations.
Although the primary unit of analysis in foreign affairs has been the state, for centuries non-central government actors have simultaneously engaged in ‘international’ activities. Using quantitative and qualitative examples from the case of the government of the Basque Autonomous Community and the nearly two-hundred Basque diaspora organizations in twenty-two different countries, this presentation aims to discuss the localization of international relations and the significance of non-central governments in homeland-diaspora relations. Are Basque homeland institutions utilizing their trade/cultural missions abroad as protoembassies or protoconsulates of a potentially sovereign state? I do argue that the roles of non-central governments are increasing in influence.  Diasporas are emerging as viable constituencies for homeland leaders, yet might become targets for homeland adversaries.
What is the opportunity structure presently in place for diasporas to act in foreign policy, and, do diasporas have the capacity for independent political action?  I will give examples and prescriptions for diasporic political mobilization.

Gloria Totoricagüena